A knee injury most commonly seen in athletes forced to make sharp changes in direction. One common cause is rotating the leg inward while the rest of the body is turning outward. The injury also may occur when the knee is turned outward while the upper leg is turning inward.

A prominence or bump at the base of the great toe. This occurs when the first metatarsal turns inward and the great toe turns outward. Pressure from shoes causes the bump to become swollen and painful.

A condition that occurs when the median nerve (running from the forearm to the palm of the hand) is squeezed or pressed at the wrist. This is essentially a pinched nerve in the wrist.

Any fracture in which the bone penetrates the skin. Also called an open fracture.

A condition caused by compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, often leading to a tingling or “pins and needles” feeling in the ring and little fingers.

This occurs when the inner, jelly-like portion of a spinal disc ruptures or pushes out through a crack in its tough exterior surface, causing inflammation and compression of the nerves of the back.

The administration of medication into the epidural space of the spine to help relieve back pain or inflammation and sciatica (leg pain, tingling, weakness or numbness) often associated with herniated discs or spinal stenosis.

An injection targeted toward a particular nerve or group of nerves to treat pain or inflammation. The purpose is to interrupt pain signals coming from a particular location in the body or to reduce inflammation in that area.

A common cause of knee pain in adolescent athletes, especially those who do a lot of running and jumping. It involves a painful swelling of the bump on the upper part of the shinbone. When the quadriceps muscle on the front part of the leg is overused during a child’s growth spurt, this area can become irritated or swollen. This condition most often affects boys.

Also called degenerative arthritis, this is a disease involving the breakdown of tissue (cartilage) that normally allows the joints to move smoothly. When the gliding surface of the cartilage is gone, the bones grind against each other, creating popping sounds, pain and loss of normal movement. Although this condition occurs primarily in people over 50, it can begin at a younger age as a result of injury or overuse. It commonly affects the hip, knee and shoulder.

A common condition that affects people of all ages. Symptoms include heel pain that is worse upon arising in the morning or standing after prolonged sitting. The pain is caused by inflammation of the plantar fascia, the ligament that connects the heel bone to the toes.

A condition is which the spine is curved from side to side.

The replacement of the ball and socket of the hip joint with artificial parts called prostheses. Also called arthroplasty.